Education and Ethics In Nursing ISSN: 2322-5300

Designing and psychometrics of a questionnaire to assess the observance of morals and shari'a rights of Muslim patients in the hospital

https://doi.org/10.22034/ethic.2025.2054880.1161
Volume 14, 3-4
October 2025
Pages 30-39
Education and Ethics In Nursing ISSN: 2322-5300

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Motlagh 1
Masoumeh Dashtabadi 2
khadijeh nasiriani 3

1 Spiritual Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. PhD student at Department of Jurisprudence & the Essentials of the Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic studies, University of Tehran, Tehran,

2 Spiritual Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. PhD Student, Department of Counseling, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran.

3 PhD nursing; Spiritual Health Research Center, research Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Non-communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

Abstract
Introduction: Religion is of great importance as a source of peace and adaptation to life's challenges, especially in critical situations. In this regard, the religious needs of patients and attention to religious customs in the medical environment are considered essential for health care. This study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire to measure the observance of religious customs and shari'a rights of Muslim hospital visitors.
Methods and Materials: This research was conducted as a methodological study in two phases: item development and psychometric evaluation. During the item development phase, religious etiquette related to patients in hospitals was extracted based on the bibliography of Imam Khomeini. In the psychometric phase, face validity (both qualitative and quantitative), content validity (both qualitative and quantitative), and construct validity (using confirmatory factor analysis) were assessed. To evaluate content validity, 18 patients and 10 specialists participated, and construct validity was confirmed with a sample of 70 patients. Additionally, the reliability of the instrument was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient.
Results: The findings showed that the designed questionnaire has seven questions in two components of "obligatory religious matters"; and its face and content validity was confirmed with the index and content validity ratio and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient above 0.75 for all items. In addition, the majority of patients expressed the need to perform religious duties in the hospital.
Conclusion: The designed tool can be used as a valid criterion for measuring the observance of religious customs of Muslim patients in medical settings. Paying attention to the religious needs of patients can lead to increased satisfaction and improved quality of care. Officials and planners should take the necessary measures to educate and raise awareness in this field.

 

Keywords

Religious Customs
Patient
Hospital
Questionnaire
Subjects
1. de Brito Sena MA, Damiano RF, Lucchetti G, Peres MFP. Defining spirituality in healthcare: A systematic review and conceptual framework. Frontiers in psychology 2021;12:756080.
2. Ongaro E, Tantardini M. Religion, spirituality, faith and public administration: A literature review and outlook. Public Policy and Administration 2024;39(4):531-55.
3. Al-Thani H. Religion and spiritual well-being: a qualitative exploration of perspectives of higher education faculty in Qatar and its challenge to western well-being paradigms. Frontiers in Psychology 2025;16:1549863.
4. Sen HE, Colucci L, Browne DT. Keeping the faith: Religion, positive coping, and mental health of caregivers during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;12:805019.
5. Zin MZM, Latif MSA, Ahmad NA, Sulaiman R. Relationship between Muslim Accountability Enhancement and Religious Practices Appreciation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies eISSN 2785-9223. 2021;1(2):7-14.
6. Yahui Y, Juan W, Huifen X, Xiaoqin L, Yinan W, Yang G, et al. Experiences and needs of patients and relatives during hospitalization in an intensive care unit in China: a qualitative study. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2022;33(2):141-9.
7. Iswanto AH, Zainal AG, Murodov A, El-Ebiary YAB, Sattarova DG. Studying the role of Islamic religious beliefs on depression during COVID-19 in Malaysia. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 2022;78(4).
8. Saritoprak SN. The Role of Religion and God-Related Perceptions Among US Muslims Coping with a Chronic Illness. Science DoP, editor: Case Western Reserve University 2021; 1-121.
9. Hosseini FA, Momennasab M, Yektatalab S, Zareiyan A. The spiritual needs of surgical patients in Iranian hospital settings: a qualitative study. BMC Research Notes 2025; 18(1):155.
10. Farokhzadian J, Sabzi A, Farmitani Z. A comparative study of nurses’ competencies in integrating religion/spirituality into patient care. BMC Health Services Research 2025; 25(1):447.
11. Badanta B, Rivilla‐García E, Lucchetti G, de Diego‐Cordero R. The influence of spirituality and religion on critical care nursing: An integrative review. Nursing in Critical Care 2022; 27(3):348-66.
12. Aderoju RT. “We Live in a Spiritual Country”: The Associations Among Health Literacy, Quality of Life, and Religious Spiritual Personal Beliefs Among the Nigerian Population: The University of Memphis 2025.
13. Leal MM, Nwora EI, de Melo GF, Freitas MH. Praying for a miracle: Negative or positive impacts on health care? Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13:840851.
14. Sarallah S, Mohammad A, Tahereh R, Mostafa V, Roohollah F, Ehsan M, et al. The Effect of Religious Care by the Clergyman next to the Patient's Bedside on their Depression and Anxiety. Journal of Pizhuhish dar din va salamat 2018;4(3):45-55.
15. Rykkje L, Søvik MB, Ross L, McSherry W, Cone P, Giske T. Educational interventions and strategies for spiritual care in nursing and healthcare students and staff: A scoping review. Journal of clinical nursing 2022;31(11-12):1440-64.
16. Rassouli M, Farahan AS, Mojen LK, Ashrafizadeh H. The Impact of Culture and Beliefs on Cancer Care. Global Perspectives in Cancer Care: Religion, Spirituality, and Cultural Diversity in Health and Healing 2022;215.
17. de Diego-Cordero R, López-Gómez L, Lucchetti G, Badanta B. Spiritual care in critically ill patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing outlook. 2022;70(1):64-77.
18. Khalajinia Z, Heidari A. Explaining the perception of spiritual care from the perspective of health personnel: A qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 2021; 10(1):53.
19. Khomeini I. mam Khomeini's Treatise on Explanation of Matters. 8, editor. Tehran: ruj Publishing Institute; 1952. 1-828 p.
20. Shahhosseini Z, Simbar M, Ramezankhani A, Majd HJE-EMHJ, 18 , 850-856,. An inventory for assessment of the health needs of Iranian female adolescents 2012.
21. Romero Jeldres M, Díaz Costa E, Faouzi Nadim T, editors. A review of Lawshe’s method for calculating content validity in the social sciences. Frontiers in Education; 2023: Frontiers Media SA.
22. Singh A, Ali A. Psychosocial inventory for caregivers (PIC) of persons with mental illness: Content validity and cognitive interviewing process. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2022; 70:103020.
23. Md Nasir NA, Singh P, Narayanan G, Mohd Habali AH, Rasid NS. Development of mathematical thinking test: Content validity process. ESTEEM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2022; 6(2):18-29.
24. Mangal S, Mangal S. Research methodology in behavioural sciences: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2013.
25. Izah SC, Sylva L, Hait M. Cronbach's alpha: A cornerstone in ensuring reliability and validity in environmental health assessment. ES Energy & Environment 2023; 23:1057.
26. Saffari M, Pakpour AH, Mortazavi SF, Koenig HG. Psychometric characteristics of the Muslim Religiosity Scale in Iranian patients with cancer. Palliative and Supportive Care 2016; 14(6):612-20.
27. Yusof NM, Jasni MJ, Musa R, Muhammad H. Development and Validation of the Muslim Prayer Ability Scale (MPAS) Among Patients’ With Diabetic Foot Problem. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci 2022; 18:16-21.
28. Soleiman Z, Mohammad R. Assessment of religion needs of patients in hospital. Teb va Tazkiyeh 2012; 19(4):21.
29. hosseiny RS, Alijanpour Agha maleki M, Etemadifar S, Rafiei H. Religious attitudes and spiritual health among elderly inpatient adults in Shahrekord hospitals. Jorjani Biomedicine Journal 2016; 4(1):56-65.
30. Ahmad Soharri, Mohsen Taghdasi, Atharizad M. Comparison of the attitude of patients and medical staff towards the examination of patients based on the standards of Islamic holy law in non-emergency conditions in Kashan city. Teb & Tazkeiye 2011; 2(45):1-6.
31.Boucher NA, Siddiqui EA, Koenig HG. Supporting Muslim patients during advanced illness. The Permanente Journal 2017 May 19; 21:16-90.
32. Nafiseh Sadat N, Marjan B, Mahtab  R. Women's knowledge about postpartum religious orders and correlation with some items. Journal of Medicine Spiritual Cultivation 2018; 26(4):301-9.
33. Emami Sigaroodi A, Basiri H, Shekani J, Nouri Saeed A, Rouhi Balasi L, Kazemnejad Leili E. Condition of religious care provided to hospitalized patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery 2015; 25(2):1-7.
34. Sasan M, Farkhondeh J, Negar P, Ali Mohammadi S. Assessing the Compliance of Medical Affairs with Religious Standards from the Viewpoint of Patients and Interns in Teaching Hospitals Affiliated to Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences In 2020. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2021; 14(1):280-90.
35. Ashidiqi AI, Shariff S, Kusbaryanto K. Harmonizing Faith and Care: Analyzing Inpatient Satisfaction in Islamic Healthcare at Unimus Hospital, Indonesia. JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit) 2025; 14(1):79-97.

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us