آموزش و اخلاق در پرستاری

شکاف میان تئوری و عمل در پرستاری براساس رویکرد پراگماتیسم: یک مطالعۀ مروری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کمیتۀ تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی ، تهران، ایران

2 استاد پرستاری، گروه پرستاری، دانشکدۀ علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران

3 مربی پرستاری، گروه پرستاری، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران

4 کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی ، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: شکاف تئوری و عمل، یکی از اساسی و قدیمی­ ترین مشکلات پرستاری است که در بالین و آموزش پرستاران، خود را به خوبی نشان داده است. استفاده از رویکردهای فلسفی مانند پراگماتیسم، راهکاری جهت کمک به کاهش این شکاف و شناخت چالش­ های  موجود در جهت رفع این شکاف می­ باشد؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی رویکرد پراگماتیسم بر شکاف تئوری و عمل در پرستاری انجام شد.
روش ­کار: پژوهش حاضر، از نوع مروری دامنه بوده و از مقالات فارسی و انگلیسی مستخرج، از پایگاه ­های اطلاعاتی داخلی SID، MAGIRAN و IRANDOC و PubMed، EMBASE، ScienceDirect، Google Scholar، ProQuest, SCOPUS و CINHEAL در مدت زمان ۲۰۱۲ تا ۲۰۲۲، با استفاده از کلیدواژه­ هایی مانند: شکاف تئوری تا بالین، شکاف تئوری تا عمل، فاصلۀ تئوری تا بالین، چالش­ های کاربردی بودن تئوری­ های پرستاری، فلسفۀ تعلیم و تربیت در پرستاری، مکاتب فلسفی در تعلیم و تربیت، تفکر انتقادی در بالین، پرستاری مبتنی بر شواهد، فرآیند پرستاری و ارتقای بالین، پراگماتیسم و آموزش، پرستاری و پراگماتیسم،  به صورت مجزا، ترکیبی و معادل انگلیسی آن با استفاده از عمل ­گرهای بولین، بود.
یافته­ ها: مرور مقالات منتخب، نشان داد که شکاف تئوری و عمل، بر اساس رویکرد پراگماتیسم در پرستاری، در دو طبقۀ اصلی که عبارت است از: الف) عوامل فردی، که شامل سه زیر مجموعه از جمله: ۱) انگیزۀ تحصیل و آموزش مداوم؛ ۲) مهارت ارتباطی قوی؛ ۳) ارتقای تفکر انتقادی، می ­باشد. ب) عوامل سازمانی، که حاکی از پنج فاکتور اصلی، مانند: ۱) آموزش مبتنی بر بالین؛ ۲) بازبینی برنامۀ درسی؛ ۳) استفاده از متد­های نوین آموزشی؛ ۴) توانمندسازی پرستاران در جایگاه ­های مختلف شغلی؛ ۵) ارائه تسهیلات و تجهیزات نوین آموزشی، قرار می ­گیرد.
نتیجه ­گیری: توجه به عوامل افزایش دهندۀ انگیزه و اطلاعات پرسنل، به همراه تقویت مهارت تفکر انتقادی در کنار توجه به عوامل سازمانی مانند: استفاده از روش­ های نوین آموزشی و توانمند­سازی پرستاران در شاخه های مختلف، می­ تواند عاملی برای کاهش شکاف تئوری و عمل، براساس رویکرد پراگماتیسم باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Theory-practice gap in nursing based on pragmatism approach: a review study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Leila Rafiee-Vardanjani 1
  • Masoud Fallahi-Khoshknab 2
  • Abolfazl Rahgoi 3
  • Soheila Zabolipour 4
  • Tahere Gilvari 4

1 PhD student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor of Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 University lecturer of nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 PhD student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Theory-practice gap is one of the basic and oldest problems of nursing, which has shown itself well in
the bedside and training of nurses. The use of philosophical approaches such as pragmatism is a solution to help reduce this gap and recognize the existing challenges in order to solve this gap. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the pragmatism approach on the nursing theory-practice gap.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a scoping review type and Persian and English articles extracted from internal databases SID, MAGIRAN and IRANDOC and external databases PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SCOPUS and CINHEAL in the period from 2012 to 2022 using keywords theory-clinic gap, theory-to-practice gap, theory-bedside gap, theory-practice challenges, practicality challenges of nursing theories, philosophy of nursing education, philosophical schools in education, critical thinking at the clinical, Evidence-based nursing, process nursing and clinical improvement, pragmatism and education, nursing and pragmatism separately, combined and its English equivalent using Boolean operators.
Results: A review of the selected articles showed that the gap between theory and practice based on the approach
of pragmatism in nursing is divided into two main categories: a) individual factors including three subgroups: 1) motivation to study and continuous education, 2) strong communication skills, and 3) improving critical thinking, and b) Organizational factors include five main factors: 1) clinical-based training, 2) revision of the curriculum, 3) use of new training methods, 4) empowerment of nurses in different job positions, and 5) provision of new training facilities and equipment.
Conclusion: Paying attention to factors that increase the motivation and information of personnel along with strengthening critical thinking skills along with paying attention to organizational factors such as the use of new educational methods and empowering nurses in different branches can be a factor to reduce the gap in the theory of practice based on the pragmatism approach.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Theory-Practice Gap
  • Nursing
  • Pragmatism
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آموزش و اخلاق در پرستاری
دوره 11، 3-4
مهر 1401
صفحه 61-73